Description
This product is a clear, colorless liquid.
Pharmacological Action
Pharmacodynamics：
This product competes with acetylcholine for M‑choline receptors, thereby blocking the M‑like effects of acetylcholine and exogenous cholinomimetics. At high doses, it can also block N‑choline receptors located in autonomic ganglia and at the motor endplate of skeletal muscle.
At therapeutic doses, atropine produces marked relaxation of over‑contracted or spasmodic gastrointestinal smooth muscle, has a lesser effect on the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder, and a weaker effect on bronchial and ureteral smooth muscle. In addition, it relaxes the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, resulting in mydriasis, increased intraocular pressure, and cycloplegia. Salivary and sweat glands are very sensitive to atropine; small doses reduce secretion from salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands (except in horses), while larger doses decrease gastric secretion. At therapeutic doses, atropine transiently slows the heart rate. Higher doses relieve vagal inhibition of the heart, counteract conduction blocks and arrhythmias caused by excessive vagal activity, increase heart rate, promote atrioventricular conduction, and dilate peripheral and visceral blood vessels, relieve arteriolar spasm, and improve microcirculation.
Large doses of atropine can markedly stimulate the vagal center, respiratory center, and motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Toxic doses can cause intense excitation of the brain and spinal cord.
Pharmacokinetics：
Atropine is rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection. After absorption, it is rapidly distributed throughout the body and can cross the placental barrier and the blood‑brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys, with 30–50% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine.
Action and Use
Anticholinergic agent. It is mainly used for organophosphate poisoning, as a pre‑anaesthetic medication, and to antagonize signs of cholinergic nerve excitation.
Dosage and Administration
Intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous injection: single dose, per 1 kg body weight -
For pre‑anaesthetic medication: horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats 0.004–0.01 ml.
For relief of organophosphate poisoning: horses, cattle, sheep, pigs 0.1–0.2 ml; dogs, cats 0.02–0.03 ml; poultry 0.02–0.04 ml.
Adverse Reactions
The side effects of this product are related to its intended use. Toxic effects are usually caused by excessive dosage. When used for pre‑anaesthetic medication or treatment of digestive tract disorders, it may readily cause intestinal tympany, ruminal tympany, constipation, etc. The symptoms of toxicity are basically similar in all animals, manifesting as dry mouth, dilated pupils, rapid and weak pulse, excitement and restlessness, muscle tremors, etc. In severe cases, coma, shallow breathing, motor paralysis, etc., may occur, eventually leading to death due to convulsions, respiratory depression and asphyxia.
Precautions
(1) Contraindicated in animals with intestinal obstruction, urinary retention, etc.
(2) In the treatment of poisoning, symptomatic supportive therapy should be used. In cases of extreme excitement, physostigmine, short‑acting barbiturates, chloral hydrate, etc., may be tried as antidotes. Phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine should not be used.
Withdrawal Period
No withdrawal period required.
Specification
(1) 1 ml : 5 mg
(2) 5 ml : 25 mg
(3) 10 ml : 50 mg
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